SS-31

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic tetrapeptide incorporating an alternating cationic-aromatic residue motif — D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂ — that has been characterized in laboratory cell models for selective inner mitochondrial membrane association. The structural pattern of alternating cationic (D-Arg, Lys) and aromatic (2′,6′-Dmt, Phe) residues forms the basis of the compound's mitochondrial membrane interaction profile as documented in published preclinical research. Investigated in preclinical and in vitro laboratory models examining cardiolipin binding pathway activity, inner mitochondrial membrane biophysical research, mitochondrial electron transport chain pathway signaling, oxidative stress pathway modulation, cristae architecture research models, and ATP synthase interaction studies. Developed by Hazel Szeto at Weill Cornell Medicine as part of the Szeto-Schiller peptide research series and referenced extensively in published mitochondrial biochemistry literature. For Research Use Only — Not for Human or Veterinary Use.